What type of negotiation is often referred to as hard-bargaining negotiation?

Hard-bargaining negotiation is characterized by a competitive approach where each party looks to maximize their own gain at the expense of the other. This type of negotiation is commonly associated with distributive negotiation, where the resources are considered fixed or limited. In such scenarios, one party’s gain is perceived as the other party's loss, which leads to a win-lose outcome.

In distributive negotiation, the focus is primarily on claiming value and achieving the best possible outcome for oneself, often through tactics such as anchoring, pressure, and sometimes creating a sense of urgency. Participants in this type of negotiation may employ assertive strategies to make forceful positions, which is indicative of the hard-bargaining approach. Understanding this concept is crucial for adjusters, as they often deal with negotiations that can involve limited resources, such as settlement offers or claims adjustments.

The other types of negotiation—collaborative, integrative, and adaptive—focus on different principles. For instance, collaborative negotiation seeks mutual benefit and cooperation, aiming for a win-win result, while integrative negotiation emphasizes working together to find solutions that satisfy the needs of all parties involved. Adaptive negotiation involves being flexible and responsive to the dynamics of the negotiation as they unfold, which does not align with